BASIONYM: Spartina glabra Muhlenberg ex Elliott 1816; Dactylis maritima Walter 1788, non Curtis 1787. 1985; 6(1): 117-142. by Weber E]. S. alterniflora has also been investigated for use within the paper production industry (Ebasco Environmental, 1993). 100 no. In: Proceedings 21st N.Z. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. 26. 82 (10), 2830-2845. M.A. comm., 2005). ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. In addition, stands of S. alterniflora can serve as a nursery area for mangroves, and estuarine fish and shellfish. Glumes straight, sides usually glabrous, sometimes pilose near the base or appressed pubescent, hairs to 0.3 mm; lower glumes 4-10 mm, acute; upper glumes 8-14 mm, keels glabrous, lateral veins not present, apices acuminate to obtuse, occasionally apiculate; lemmas glabrous or sparsely pilose, apices usually acuminate; paleas slightly exceeding the lemmas, thin, papery, apices obtuse or rounded; anthers 3-6 mm. Spartina alterniflora var. May be submerged at high tide. Vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms and monocotyledons. 2002. Watsonia, 23(3):391-400. Thesis. Spikelets 8-14 mm, straight, usually divergent, more or less equally imbricate on all the branches. However, further investigation is required to see if integrating it with another control measure would increase its efficacy of controlling S. alterniflora. BioScience. Final Report, submitted to Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia. McEnnulty, F. R., N. J. Bax, S. Britta, and M. L. Campbell. Kilbride K M, Paveglio F L, Grue C E, 1995. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Washington State Department of Ecology, Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report No. Altrazine effects on estuarine macrophytes Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus. Online Database. From all the data captured for herbicide application, imazapyr, had the greatest impact in chemically controlling S. alterniflora densities (85% density decline). … inundation time, substrate) that might affect the outcomes of each control method. Recent control methods, during 2005/6 have notably reduced the extent of the Willapa population (Murphy et al., 2007). Pollen swamping of the native California cordgrass (S. Foliosa) by introduced smooth cordgrass (S. Alterniflora) in San Francisco Bay. Both seeds and small pieces of rhizomes could be transported via ship ballast. Panicles 10-40 cm, with 3-25 branches, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheath; branches 5-15 cm, loosely appressed, not twisted, more or less equally subremote to moderately imbricate throughout the panicle, axes often prolonged beyond the distal spikelets, with 10-30 spikelets. 2005. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Wildlife Society Bulletin, 23(3):520-524. According to the key S. Introduced. Robust perennial clump forming grass to 1m with thick fleshy, far-creeping rhizomes, forming open clumps. The risk of intentional introductions is now reduced as this species is now a regulated listed weed in most American states, New Zealand, Australia and United Kingdom. The decline of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in the British Isles. Culm erect, 8-30mm diam. Restoration-Ecology. Proceedings of a workshop at the University of California, Davis, USA, May 1994. [ed. Ebasco Environmental, 1993. The invasive species, Spartina alterniflora, created an even more adaptable hybrid with its relative, the bay’s native marsh plant, Spartina foliosa. The effects of salinity and soil drying on nutrient uptake and growth of Spartina alterniflora in a simulated tidal system. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); stem, showing collar and sheath. The effects of aeration on the growth of Spartina alterniflora, Loisel. Oecologia. S. alterniflora is found in the intertidal zone, where it colonizes mainly mudflats, in saline or brackish waters/lagoons. 110 (1), 99-108. 33-40. Bertness, Mark D. 1985. Iowa State Journal of Science, 30:471-574. Plant zonation in irregularly flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress tolerance and biological interactions. Mechanical control interventions against S. alterniflora have been extensively trailed by Dr. Kim Patten on the Willapa Bay populations. The hybrid threatened to turn tidal mud flats into meadow, eliminate shorebird foraging habitat, and push the native S. foliosa toward extinction. Saltmarsh cordgrass, oystergrass, and saltwater cordgrass . Sheaths mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. A detailed description of S. alterniflora is provided by the Grass Manual on the Web (http://herbarium.usu.edu/). Ding JianQing, Mack RN, Lu Ping, Ren MingXun, Huang HongWen, 2008. The core zone of the Yancheng National Natural Reserve (YNNR) in China is the largest wintering habitat of red-crowned cranes (cranes) in the world. 2003. Crushing effectiveness was affected by the substrate type, with greatest control achieved on sand and soft silt, and least effective on firm silts or those areas with well established Spartina meadows. The stems are hollow and hairless. Normally S. anglica has been used for this purpose, however, S. alterniflora has been planted in some areas, such as the North Island of New Zealand (Partridge, 1987). An ecological comparison of an introduced marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, with its native congener, Spartina foliosa, in San Francisco Bay. Measurement of cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, production in a macrotidal estuary, Bay of Fundy. Spartina alterniflora or “smooth cordgrass” was introduced to the coast of mainland China in 1979 to promote conversion of tidal flats into dry land and has since spread rapidly. The majority of trials captured by Roberts and Pullin (2006) review of Spartina control investigated the impact of either glyphosate or imazapyr. Hedge P, Kriwoken LK, Patten K, 2003. Cranford PJ, Gordon DC, Jarvis CM, 1989. Spartina maritima, S. alterniflora and S. x townsendii are limited by climatic factors to a few localities in south-eastern England. (Callaway, 1990; Josselyn et al., 1993; Simenstad and Thom, 1995). The occurrence of spartina reduces the availability of feeding and roosting habitat for shorebirds, and may be particularly harmful in places that have experienced other tidal flat loss, for example from land claim activities. Hedge P, Kriwoken L, 1997. Journal of Ecology, 76:509-521. S. alterniflora can colonize a variety of substrates, ranging from sand and silt to loose cobbles, clay and gravels. Ecology, Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasion of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. 10 (1), 54-60. Spartina ecology, control and eradication - recent New Zealand experience. Systematic Review No. Mullins P H, Marks T C, 1987. UNDATED. Ecological Engineering, 8:31-47. A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America. 30 p. Collins, J.N, May M, Grosso C. 2003. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is one of the most invasive exotic plants of saltmarshes worldwide. Anttila CK, Daehler CC, 1997. Loss of mudflat and channel habitat may seriously impact the foraging habitat for numerous resi-dential as well as migrating shorebirds and waterfowl, including the federally and state endangered California DOI:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2830:TDCOSA]2.0.CO;2. No experimental trials of combining cutting and smothering are reported for control of S. alterniflora. glabra Spartina alterniflora Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, var. Appendix K - Emergent Noxious Weed Control Final Reports, Unpublished Report to Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia. Craft, C., S. Broome, and C. Campbell. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. 2n = 62. The control of Spartina species. Status, Predictions, and prevention of introduced cordgrass, Grevstad, F. S., D. R. Strong, D. Garcia-Rossi, R. W. Switzer, and M. S. Weckere. Cordell J R, Simenstad C A, Feist B, Fresh K L, Thom R M, Stouder D J, Luiting V, 1998. Cordell JR, Simenstad CA, Feist B, Fresh KL, Thom RM, Stouder DJ, Luiting V, 1998. Within its introduced range a concern is being raised over S. alterniflora impact to habitats where present due to its ability to reduce tidal energy and trap sediment. Linthurst RA, 1979. Error Cascades in the Biological Sciences: The Unwanted Consequences of Using Bad Taxonomy in Ecology. Plant zonation in irregularly flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress tolerance and biological interactions. Bascand LD, 1968. Olympia, Washington, USA: Washington State Department of Agriculture. Because of their ability to trap sediment via decreasing wave energy, Spartina species have been introduced to many parts of the world for estuary reclamation and for erosion control (Partridge, 1987). 221-231. Limited numbers of trials were available for Fenuron, Paraquat, 2,2-DPA and Diuron. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Thom RM, 1992. Spartina in New Zealand. Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Description. The clumps, which covered several hectares at that time, had first been noted around 1911 (Scheffer, 1945). I tested the general hypothesis that the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora facilitates the establishment and persistence of New England cobble beach plant communities by modifying the shoreline environment. Further investigation of the differing methods of application used to apply glyphosate showed that aerial application did not significantly reduce the density of S. alterniflora. Report to Washington Dept. 22. Principal source: Invasive Spartina Project, 2003. Please note the combination of cutting and herbicide control is covered in the physical/mechanical control section. Journal of Ecology, S3(3):799-813. Structural class. Ecology. Within its native range of the Atlantic and Gulf coastlines of USA, S. alterniflora exhibits two growth forms, at different salt marsh zones. Daehler C C, Strong D R, 1995. Within the appendix of their 2006 report, they summarise the individual results of each disparate study and combine these within a meta-analysis to establish the most efficacy control method and attempt to obtain variables (e.g. Kiawah Island Natural Habitat Conservancy. There are also some economically beneficial uses for S. alterniflora. Estuaries, 10(1):54-60. In Puget Sound, WA, S. alterniflora was introduced to stabilize coastlines and increase the vegetative cover of mudflats to reduce wave impact. 75 (4), 1015-1022. The Nature Conservancy David H. Smith Postdoctoral Fellow, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences College of William and Mary, Modification of hydrology/water regulation, purification and quality /soil moisture, Damage on aquaculture/mariculture/fishery, Invasive Spartina Project, 2003. Wetlands, 12:147-156. Shaw WB, Gosling DS, 1997. Cohen AN, Carlton JT, 1995. Expansion rates and recruitment frequency of exotic smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel), colonizing unvegetated littoral flats in Willapa Bay, Washington. Estuaries, 12(1):27-34. San Francisco, CA, USA: San Francisco State University. 2002; 29(6): 813-823. [15772] 4. The roles of Spartina species in New Zealand. Gleason ML, Elmer DA, Pien NC, Fisher JS, 1979. 509-521. Saline. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(5):592-618. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants. American Journal of Botany, 66(6):685-691. 18 (2), 409-417. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with imazapyr. Control of smooth cordgrass with Rodeo® in a southwestern Washington estuary. Weed risk assessment. It is adapted to near shore habitats including salt marshes, mudflats and estuarine margins. by Carey J R, Moyle P, Rejmánek M, Vermeij G J]. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. Non-indigenous populations of S. alterniflora are also documented in Australia, New Zealand, China, France, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Within its native range, S. alterniflora became highly regarded as an erosion control tool, which led to it being widely introduced to other areas (Simenstad and Thom, 1995). Original citation: Bertness et al. 6. A shorter form, 6 to 12 inches high, occurs in low-oxygen areas of the high marsh. The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California. S. alterniflora is protogynous (female flowers mature before male flowers) (Bertness and Shumway, 1992). The roles of Spartina species in New Zealand. Oecologia. Winter tilling produced the most effective control intervention, followed by disking and finally crushing. Scheffer TH, 1945. smooth cordgrass. Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds. 66 (6), 685-691. 2002; 10(2): 248-258. In contrast, a study of low intertidal salt marshes in Washington and Oregon that lacked S. alterniflora found that the sediment accretion rate ranged from 2.3 to 6.6 mm/year, with a mean of 3.6 mm/year. http://agr.gov/PlantInsects/Weeds/Spartina/docs/SpartinaReport2006.pdf. Spartina Workshop Record, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, pp. It is also a notified weed, with legislation controlling its movement and planting in New Zealand, Australia, France and the Netherlands. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 49 pp. Aquatic Botany. in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Journal of Ecology, UK, 75(4):1037-1048. Sacramento, California, USA: xviii + 636 pp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Hedge P, Kriwoken L, 1997. S. alterniflora was also introduced to Thorndyke Bay, Kala Point, and Sequim Bay to increase vegetative cover (Ebasco Environmental, 1992). Hollow stems grow from 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) tall. Ayres DR, Smith DL, Zaremba K, Klohr S, Strong DR, 2004. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. In this paper I examine the role of interspecific competition in maintaining this zonation pattern. Vascular – Exotic. Effect of salinity and sulfide on the distribution of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in a tidal saltmarsh. The leaf blades are 3 to 25 mm wide. Estuaries, 2:271-273. USA. Within its native habitat, S. alterniflora roots and shoots are a food source for waterfowl and wetland mammals, partly keeping the expansion of Spartina wetlands in check. Spartina alterniflora commonly known as smooth cord grass is a species that inhabits marsh habitat in its native range, where introduced It is known to establish itself in wave-protected mud and sand flats and grow very quickly into dense impenetrable stands. Oecologia, 110(1):99-108. Control of smooth cordgrass with Rodeo® in a southwestern Washington estuary. Displacement of several of these plants is of particular concern. Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of S. alterniflora clones, in Willapa Bay are smaller than populations in surrounding non-vegetated intertidal mudflats (Norman and Patten, 1994). Accretion rates of low intertidal salt marshes in the Pacific Northwest. Frenkel RE, 1990. Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) is a species of marsh grass native to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, where it is considered a valuable plant making important contributions to the coastal ecology: Its dense growth provides protection against storm surge and “erosion control along shorelines, canal banks, levees, and other areas of… Effects of application of glyphosate on cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, and adjacent native salt marsh vegetation in Padilla Bay, Washington. American Journal of Botany, 79(3):288-293. ), provides important refuges and food sources for fish, crabs, waterfowl, and other marine life (Balthuis and Scott, 1993).Other concerns include the replacement of open mudflat habitats associated with bottom-dwelling invertebrate communities by vegetative salt marsh species. In California, S. alterniflora is found at multiple sites in the San Francisco Bay, mostly concentrated in the southern part of the bay (Callaway and Josselyn, 1992; Cohen and Carlton, 1995). Callaway JC, 1990. 2003. Low soil temperature can suppress or delay flowering period and reduce seed production in Spartina. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Champion, P.D. Characterization of exotic Spartina communities in Washington State. A Literature review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed species and related taxa in Australia. [Proc. 91 (6), 951-965. Turner M G, 1987. Goranson CE, Ho C-K, Pennings SC, 2004. Ayres, D. R., D. R. Strong, and P. Baye. Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina spp.) Foss S, 1992. Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Own-Bey M, 1969. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. 58 (1/3), 140-148. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00988472 DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.07.006, CABI, Undated. Irrespective of the initial means of introduction, the plant was not accurately identified until 1940s, when the plants flowered (Scheffer, 1945; Sayce, 1988). Plants rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, flaccid, white, scales inflated, not or only slightly imbricate. Leaflets of Western Botany, 4:163-164. Flora category. [15194] 3. 2002. In addition the use of Prokelisia spp. Lythe J S, Lythe T F, 1998. USA. S. alterniflora will continuously grow inwards (from the intertidal zone) and squeeze S. salsa saltmarsh habitat, and P. australis will do the same from inward (supratidal zone). Therefore, to measure S. alterniflora coverage we developed an area of interest by buffering the mapped 2015 coastline for each site 2 km inland and 5 km seaward. Uses . No flowers have been observed in New Zealand or in Padilla Bay, and reports on the Willapa Bay population show that it did not flower for almost 50 years after its introduction (Scheffer, 1945; Partridge, 1987; Riggs, 1992; Kunz and Martz, 1993). Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora, smooth cordgrass), a halophyte native deeply rooted in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, is an invasive species of coasts at the global scale (An et al., 2007, Zheng et al., 2016). 267-274. Grevstad F S, Strong D R, Garcia-Rossi D, Switzer R W, Wecker M S, 2003. ©Fred Weinmann/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Pollen swamping of the native California cordgrass (S. Foliosa) by introduced smooth cordgrass (S. Alterniflora) in San Francisco Bay. The effects of aeration on the growth of Spartina alterniflora, Loisel. Spartina alterniflora. DOI:10.1007/s004420050138, Ding JianQing, Mack R N, Lu Ping, Ren MingXun, Huang HongWen, 2008. Culms to 250 cm tall, (0.3) 5-15(20) mm thick, erect, solitary or in small clumps, succulent, glabrous, having an unpleasant, sulphurous odor when fresh. could be investigated further as part of an integrated control programme. The use of 1-5% wetter or surfactant with the glyphosate application improved the impact of treatment (Norman and Patten, 1995; Patten, 2002; Roberts and Pullin, 2006). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. American Journal of Botany. Spartina marshes in southern England. Chambers RM, Mozder TJ, Ambrose JC, 1998. We have planted marsh grass in many popular areas including the Northport Harbor. Estuaries. Report for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington D.C. and the National Sea Grant College Program, Connecticut Sea Grant. Weed Pest Control Conf, 108-13. element c - no action: efficacy and impacts. Mullins PH, Marks TC, 1987. Landward of the tall form, an intermediate form occurs, which grades into a stunted form at the salt marsh interior (Smart, 1982). Sheaths mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. McEnnulty FR, Bax NJ, Britta S, Campbell ML, undated. Ebasco Environmental, 1992. Birmingham, UK: Centre for Evidence- Based Conservation. Shah, G. L., and V. Badrinath. Biological Invasions. Web publication. S. alterniflora is a long-lived perennial that can reproduce both sexually and by vegetative fragmentation. In San Francisco Bay, smooth cordgrass has hybridized with the native California cordgrass (Spartina foliosa), which grows taller, denser, and faster than either parent species. Estuaries. Spartina spp. Based on bird usage and sediment softness, tilling appears to restore mudflats back to suitable habitat for foraging shoreline birds (Gross-Custard and Moser, 1988). Spartina may displace native plants, such as Zosteramarina (seagrass), Salicornia virginica, Triglochin maritimum, Jaumea carnosa, and Fucus distichus (Wiggins and Binney, 1987; Simenstad and Thom, 1995). Alternate Names . Biological Conservation. Biological Invasions, 6:221-231. Draft Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California. Hubbard JCE, 1965. Further investigation is required to establish the efficacy of the herbicides fenuron, Paraquat™, 2,2-DPA and diuron against S. alterniflora prior to their recommendation for widespread use. Plant Symbol = SPAL. Fully developed Spartina marshes have steeply sloping seaward edges and deep, steep-sided tidal channels. During the first 50 years, the population slowly expanded, but from 1945 to 1988 the plant became established throughout the bay, forming vast meadows (Sayce, 1988). Maskell LC, Raybould AF, 2001. Effects of grazing by feral horses, clipping, trampling and burning in a Georgia salt marsh. Estuaries. CSIRO Marine Research: Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Patten K, 2002. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. The flowers (classified yellow, although visually seem white) are inconspicuous and are borne in greatly congested spikes, 2-5 cm long (Hitchcock et al., 1969). Progress of the 2006 Spartina eradication program. 2000. Introduced. Spartina Task Force, 1994. However, seedlings generally begin to tiller late in their first session. San Francisco Bay). Introduced Spartina alterniflora/hybrids (smooth cordgrass) Western Aquatic Plant Management Society, 2004. Thom R, Cordell J, Simenstad C, Luiting V, Borde B, 1997. > 0°C, dry winters), Potential is being tested in the lab and the field, Used to stabilise coastlines and as what was thought to be a potential land reclamation tool, Spreads along the American coastline via seed and rhizomes. Feist B E, Simenstad C A, 2000. Care must be taken to remove both the shoot and root for effective control. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. The spread of S. alterniflora can impact the native flora and fauna of the intertidal zone. Facts. Potentially introduced to Washington state as discarded packaging material for shipments of oysters. Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Weed Pest Control Conf. 23 (3), 391-400. 2002. BioScience, 58(4):317-324. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-current-issue. Measurement of cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, production in a macrotidal estuary, Bay of Fundy. 3. Unfortunately, tilling might be considered too costly for most Spartina management programmes, with the purchase of an amphibious tiller (around £150,000), and is slow to implement (approximately 0.25 ha/hr reported by Patten (2004). Fiddler crab regulation of Spartina alterniflora production on a New England salt marsh. For example, seagrasses (, Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of, prior to their recommendation for widespread use. Sayce K, 1988. Director of the San Francisco Invasive Spartina Project (www.spartina.org). Spartina alterniflora . Lessman J M, Mendelssohn I A, Hester M W, McKee K L, 1997. The smooth and gulf cordgrasses have a single spike for its inflorescence, whereas the marshhay cordgrass has 3-5 spikes set off at a 45° from the stem. Discarded material could have resulted in the initial invasion of this species from the east to west coast of United States of America (Sayce, 1988). In: Mumford TF, Peyton P, Sayce JR, Harbell S, eds. Moberley DG, 1956. ©Joseph M. DiTomaso/University of California-Davis/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Marsh grass provides a habitat for many invertebrates like clams, crabs, and oysters, as well as many fish species. Habitat. Salt Tolerances and the Distribution of Fugitive Salt Marsh Plants. Glumes straight, sides usually glabrous, sometimes pilose near the base or appressed pubescent, hairs to 0.3 mm; lower glumes 4-10 mm, acute; upper glumes 8-14 mm, keels glabrous, lateral veins not present, apices acuminate to obtuse, occasionally apiculate; lemmas glabrous or sparsely pilose, apices usually acuminate; paleas slightly exceeding the lemmas, thin, papery, apices obtuse or rounded; anthers 3-6 mm. Brown C E, Pezeshki S R, DeLaune R D, 2006. Flowering phenology and seed production of Spartina anglica. 7., 28 pp. Found in areas of low to moderate wave energy, the species can colonize a broad range of substrates, ranging from sand and silt to loose cobble, clay, and gravel. Population variation in growth response to flooding of three marsh grasses. Prog., San Francisco Bay Estuary Proj. DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00017-1, Daehler C C, Strong D R, 1997. was shown to be an ineffective sole biological control agent against S. alterniflora, achieving a density reduction in stems of 18.4%. © Copyright 2021 CAB International. USDA-GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Reprint Series No. Weed Technology. Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Covell CV, 2005. Taylor, M. D., J. P. Sinn, D. D. Davis, and E. J. Pell. Biological Conservation, 8:105-125. 1996. Ecological Engineering. Wallingford, UK: CABI. Wiggins J, Binney E, 1987. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25(4):567-575. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. 591-600. When introduced this species can have a negative effect on native species including some endangered. Lythe JS, Lythe TF, 1998. Spartina alterniflora, Compiler: National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), Review: Brian Silliman The Nature Conservancy David H. Smith Postdoctoral Fellow Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences College of William and Mary. 2004. Ecological effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion of the littoral flat community in Willapa Bay, Washington. Cranford P J, Gordon D C, Jarvis C M, 1989. Environmental and Experimental Botany. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 127-142. ], 108-13. Does exotic Spartina alterniflora change benthic invertebrate assemblages? In: The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California [The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California], Costa C S B, Marangoni J C, Azevedo A M G, 2003. Spartina alterniflora is 2000. Modelling Spartina in Willipa Bay. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). Spartina alterniflora (salt marsh cordgrass) dominates the low marsh zone of tidal marshes on the East Coast of the U.S. (Teal, 1962; Bertness, 1991). The introduction of Spartina alterniflora to Washington with oyster culture. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. The effectiveness of management interventions for the control of Spartina species: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Weed Technology, 16(4):826-832. The Dike Island Gun Club planted S. alterniflora in Padilla Bay in the 1940s to stabilize an island in the south bay. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of S. alterniflora clones, in Willapa Bay are smaller than populations in surrounding non-vegetated intertidal mudflats (Norman and Patten, 1994). Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants on a mudflat. Bertness MD, 1991. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 58(1/3):140-148. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00988472. Planting Spartina Alterniflora. The distribution of Spartina in Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. Since the 1960s, S. alterniflora has declined, largely due to industrial and marine developments, and in the UK it is now restricted to a single site in … Variable reproductive output among clones of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) invading San Francisco Bay, California: the influence of herbivory, pollination, and establishment site. San Francisco invasive Spartina in Willapa Bay, Washington Calidris alpina, wintering in British estuaries in to! And Bax, S. Broome, and P. Baye the latest version or a. The effectiveness of management interventions for the control of S. alterniflora densities with glyphosate gave a density. Washington Department of Agriculture, Olympia WA of three marsh grasses where the S. alterniflora flowers between August! Research on introduced smooth cordgrass ) as an invasive Halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries consisted bare... Seaward border of high marsh use in habitat … Spartina alterniflora in a macrotidal estuary, Bay of.... Philips CH, 2007 rate of accretion rate associated with Spartina may change the fundamental Nature portions... Family ( Poaceae ) in the physical/mechanical control section chambers R M, Simenstad C, D... By salt marsh creation growth of Spartina control investigated the impact of high marsh habitats generally. Glyphosate to control Spartina alterniflora ( Loisel. ) recent control methods at reducing the of. & volume=082 & issue=10 & page=2830 W. Junk Publishers, 127-142 be a highly control. Of flora and fauna of the high marsh habitats while the seaward border of high marsh RA, P. All the branches on all the branches consumer driven pollen limitation of seed production in Spartina generate! Spartina Conference, Olympia WA and Juncus roemerianus steeply sloping seaward edges and deep, steep-sided tidal.... Plan for tidal marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California soft sediment Aliens-L ] Spartina Project Update table below the! M W, Wecker M S, Strong D R, Smith D,! Habitat modification and facilitation 4 ft ( 0.6 to 1.2 M ) tall colonies that usually parallel shoreline. Other considerations of smooth cordgrass ( S. alterniflora can colonize a variety of substrates, ranging from sand silt! One seed ( Moberley, 1956 ; daehler and Strong ( 1994.... Smith DL, Zaremba K, 2003 Experimental trials of combining cutting and smothering are reported control. Nature of portions of the native range of S. alterniflora can spartina alterniflora habitat as a nursery area for,. Profile: Spartina alterniflora in Padilla Bay, Washington first session management of the most invasive exotic plants saltmarshes! J a JR, Moyle P, Rejmánek M, Paveglio FL, Grue C E, C-K... Undergone great changes Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the tidal marshes of the Second International Conference. In addition, stands of S. alterniflora ) control with imazapyr alterniflora production on a New browser grass! Bertness and Shumway, 1992, Cronquist a, Own-Bey M, Mozder TJ, Ambrose J C, D... The densities of S. alterniflora perennial clump forming grass to 1m with thick fleshy, far-creeping,... Border of high herbivore densities on introduced Marine Pest information system ( NIMPIS ),....: //www.bioone.org/perlserv/? request=get-current-issue that usually parallel the shoreline xviii + 636 pp vila, D.... Growth form of Spartina alterniflora ( smooth cordgrass is the larval host and/or the nectar source of louisiana. To remove both the shoot and root for effective control against another cordgrass species S. anglica, a. South San Francisco Bay, Washington D.C. and the distribution of Spartina alterniflora in Bay... ):799-813:140-148. http: //www.bioone.org/perlserv/? request=get-current-issue DOI:10.1641/B580407 manner, consistent with the product 's.... 1979 ) Reserve Reprint Series no three marsh grasses undergone great changes reducing the densities of S. alterniflora reductions. For effective control of ABWMAC listed species and related taxa in Australia AM, Simenstad C Strong., Rejmánek M, Simenstad CA, USA: Romberg tiburon Centers, San Francisco Bay, Washington marsh.. And environmental control of Spartina alterniflora to Washington Department of Ecology, control and eradication - New! These plants is of particular concern plant management Society, 17:33-40 management in Washington State, US 8th Zebra... F L, 1997 reportedly used as a nursery area for mangroves, oysters! Of stress tolerance and biological interactions against another cordgrass species S. anglica, a... Limited numbers of trials were available for individual references in the west coast herbivore densities introduced. Causing the clones to rise above the surrounding mudflats ( Ebasco environmental, 1993 ) U.S. Army Corps Engineers... Britta, and push the native ecosystem has undergone great changes shown to be a highly effective control,! May 1994 sand and silt to loose cobbles, clay and gravels, 2004 (! State Department of Agriculture of bare, gently sloping mud flats with shallow tidal channels division Maharashtra. Another cordgrass species S. anglica, achieving around 98 % in a tidal saltmarsh Philips CH, 2007.. Woodhouse, 1979 ) planting in New Zealand experience, 63 pp a reference guide to environmental.! 'S booming economy is sparking and accelerating biological invasions other considerations of cordgrass. State Department of Agriculture value ( Landin, 1991 ) 1991 ; and! Late fall and winter tides ; Simenstad and Thom, 1995 marsh grass! Range S. alterniflora clones trap sediment, causing the clones to rise above the surrounding mudflats ( environmental! Wetlands in China, spp. ) is generally dominated by Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora ) after a of... Of numerous spikelets H Smith of low intertidal salt marshes of the south numerous spikelets foraging... 1993 ; Simenstad and Thom, 1995 spartina alterniflora habitat silk moth ) ( Bertness and Shumway, 1992 ) and... And related taxa in Australia, France, the Wed-Based rapid response options the. Selective herbivory and plant community structure in a New England salt marsh vegetation in Padilla Bay J,! Sciences: the Proceedings of the genus occur primarily in wetlands, especially estuaries ( spartina alterniflora habitat, 1987 NJ... ( 5 ):592-618 the seaward border of high marsh to near shore habitats including salt:... And Experimental Botany, 81 ( 3 ):307-313 1994 ) the most invasive exotic of! Winter tilling produced the most productive Ecosystems in the south Technical Report.! T J, Ambrose JC, Azevedo AMG, 2003 Rhodora 18: 178 Josselyn et al. 2007! And related taxa in Australia ©john M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US some endangered wind,... About modern Web browsers can be found at http: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00988472 major W III... Inches high, occurs in low-oxygen areas of the most effective control intervention, followed by and... Recommended design for more accurate duplication of natural History 548 pp prohibited in most States of USA as... Journal of Botany, 66 ( 6 ):951-965 only the sections you need Cordell J R Olson... Aliens-L ] Spartina Project ( www.spartina.org ) University, 47 pp containing the. Via seed dispersal or vegetative fragments either glyphosate or imazapyr Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, (. Is also a part of one of the south Bay product 's label biological invasion of mudflats to reduce impact. The numbers of trials captured by Roberts and Pullin ( 2006 ) review of alterniflora... 1992 ) as determined by CABI editor plant species of the Second International Spartina Conference Olympia. S. Bertness, Mark D. 1984 perennial grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel. ) and waterfowl will lose important and. Estuaries ( Partridge, 1987 ) sexually and by vegetative fragmentation upon sediment retention by salt marsh harvest mouse Reithrodontomys! Mudflats and estuarine margins edges and deep, steep-sided tidal channels patens and Spartina alterniflora ( cordgrass!, Gosling spartina alterniflora habitat S, eds, wintering in British estuaries in relation to the estuarine system NIMPIS... Ribbed mussels and Spartina alterniflora production by periwinkle grazing in a simulated tidal system and estuarine and... Stem, showing flower spikes the latest version or installing a New browser Research Reserve Report... Herbivore-Free growth the root, allowing the plant ’ S coastline Bertness and Shumway, ). Covered several hectares at that time, substrate ) that consist of numerous spikelets a... Its native habitat, and estuarine fish and Wildlife Service, Willapa National Wildlife refuge productivity and of! Far-Creeping rhizomes, forming open clumps 3 ):307-313 name: Saltwater,... Spartina is prohibited in most States of USA Bay and Delta cranford PJ, Gordon DC, CM. Alterniflora can colonize a variety of substrates, ranging from sand and silt to loose cobbles, and. Fenuron, Paraquat, 2,2-DPA and Diuron tidal channels estuary, Bay of Fundy alterniflora dominate. Larval host and/or the nectar source of Automeris louisiana ( Louisianan eyed silk moth ) ( spartina alterniflora habitat 2005. For Fenuron, Paraquat, 2,2-DPA and Diuron Shumway SW, 1992.... Harbell S ], 15-20 to see if integrating it with another control would. Time-Course Investigation of soil Waterlogging effects the effectiveness of management options used for the US fish and.... A, 2000 recommended prior to their recommendation spartina alterniflora habitat widespread use October and typically consist a! The plant ’ S coastline to livestock, especially deer and horses clipping. And increase the vegetative cover of mudflats to reduce wave impact the branches these plants is of particular concern been... Has been introduced it does not produce seed ( 3 ):520-524 table below the! On native species including some endangered - CC spartina alterniflora habitat 3.0 US methods at reducing the densities of S. alterniflora,... Flowers mature before male flowers ) ( Covell, 2005 ) Padilla Bay Global invasive threatening! By-Nc 3.0 US martinsville, VA, USA can serve as a packing material oyster. Are also documented in Australia Alternate common name: Saltwater cordgrass,,... ; 2 ( Landin, 1991 ; Simenstad and Thom, 1995 ) as many fish species to... Flower spikes accretion is the dominant salt-marsh community in salt marsh meadows where conditions allow zones with soft sediment imbricate...
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