As noted above, the graticule on a globe is helpful, but how do we go from three-dimensional graticule to two-dimensional geographic coordinates, as per the figure below? More map extent and resolution. Many maps state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a 'scale') to represent it. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Reducing a 1:30,00 scale map to 50% of its orginial size changes the RF scale to 1:24000 RF Group Leader; RF Group Name; RF Group Leader. Projection is the process of making a two-dimensional map from a three-dimensional globe. The properties we will focus on are shape, area, and distance. A simple RF attenuator is shown in the photo below. The geographic coordinate system is designed specifically to define positions on the Earth’s roughly-spherical surface. It can be expressed as 1/100,000 or 1:100,000. Paine, David P. 1981. Verbal description. A RF SCALE IS A REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION SCALE. The flat surface touches the globe and it is the point on the projected map which has the least distortion. The figure below shows a topographic map with an RF of 1:24,000, which means that one unit on the map represents 24,000 units on the ground. Adapted from Michael Schmandt (nd). When a map is enlarged or reduced, the bar )traveled by car in 47 minutes. For example, if we tried to display a map with a national extent at the resolution of census blocks, the level of detail would be so fine and the boundaries would be so small that it would be difficult to understand anything about the map. out of phase, the image rejection will be theoretically infinite. It simply means that 1 unit on the mapis to 100,000 unitson the earth's surface. … The figure has scale bars for 1 mile, 7000 feet, and 1 kilometer. R. F. is representation factor. Full scale: Some times the actual dimensions of the object will be adopted on the drawing then in that case it is represented by the scale and RF as Scale: - 1cm = 1cm or 1:1 and by R.F=1/1 (equal to one). A Cartesian coordinate system, like the one below, is simply a grid formed by putting together two measurement scales, one horizontal (x) and one vertical (y). To draw a scale, need to know the “Representative Factor (RF)”. The solute can never travel farther than the solvent, so the final ratio will always be less than or equal to one. Auto Mode—In this mode, the members of an RF group elect an RF group leader to maintain a primary power and channel scheme for the group. algebraically adding two sine wave voltages of equal amplitude which are not harmonically related, e.g., 800 Hz and 1.8 kHz. B. Graphical Scale: On a graphical scale, the units of measurement should always be stated. Verbal map scale: A map scale that expresses the relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground in words; for example, "One inch equals 10 miles." This scale can be shown as 1/100,000 or as 1:100,000. You must have seen maps with a scale bar indicating equal divisions, each marked with readings in kilometres or miles. aerial measurement. The earth’s surface has an area of over 500 million km2and any picture of the earth that you can easily carry can only show general outlines of continents and countries. 5 points What is RF of a scale? The representative fraction (RF) describes scale as a simple ratio. 1:66 2/3) showing meters, decimeters and centimeters. Note that some maps may not preserve either shape or area but do a pretty good job at both. The roles of RF attenuators, terminations, matching pads and loads are important in radio communications test and measurement, as well as in equipment interconnection. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. No they don't. [7]. In simple terms, longitude specifies positions east and west and latitude specifies positions north and south. Step 1. compare 2 groups of three balls. case 2. The scale should measure up to 6 meters. F-Scale Test Testing your receptivity to authoritarian/fascist beliefs. Goode homolosine projection of the world. SOLUTION STEPS: Scale of km. Representative fraction and scale bars from a United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map. Examples of these artistic projections include the heart-shaped Stabius-Werner projection. [4], Locations on the earth’s surface are measured in terms of coordinates, a set of two or more numbers that specifies a location in relation to some reference system. A map of an area 100 miles long by 100 miles wide drawn at a scale of 1:63,360 would be more than 8 You can conceptualize projection as working with a clear globe, a light bulb, and tracing paper. to twenty thousand". Representative Fraction (RF): Scale can be expressed as a ratio or representative fraction (RF). 3. second edition. This is the scale that you should use when asked to measure distances on the map. If you had a globe made of paper, you could carefully try to ‘peel’ it into a flat piece of paper, but you would have a big mess on your hands. Essentials of Geographic Information Systems, The Nature of Geographic Information: An Open Geospatial Textbook, https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/geographic-information-system-basics/index.html, https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog160/node/1914, https://www.e-education.psu.edu/maps/l1_p5.html, http://docs.qgis.org/2.14/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/introducing_gis.html, http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115307, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=730484, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24628, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115242, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12052919, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115152, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12835427, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115337, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4256, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115269, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24727413, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16115372, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=167921, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, Scale and ways of telling the map user what the map is measuring on the ground, Projection mechanics, types of projections, and their characteristics, Shearing – stretching the skin in one or more directions, Compressing – forcing the skin to bunch up and condense, CC BY-SA 3.0. The first unit is subdivided into smaller parts. Take the value to find the length of the scale. Graphic Scale: The graphic scale is a bar chart or "ruler" that is drawn at the bottom of a topographic map. These divisions are used to find out the ground distance on the map. The scale of the map would then be 1:63,360 because there are 63,360 inches in a mile. Flattened orange peel. Conformal projections preserve shape and angle, but strongly distort area in the process. Here we must take a measurement from the bar scale to determine the map distance that corresponds to a ground distance. Mercator projection. A map can have a representative fraction, graphic scale, or verbal description that all mean the same thing. Rf … The fraction 1/100 is a much much smaller number than is 1/2. The representative fraction is accurate regardless of which units are used; the RF can be measured as 1 centimeter to 24,000 centimeters, one inch to 24,000 inches, or any other unit. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. When we visually represent a region of the world on a map, we must reduce its size to fit within the boundaries of the map. A measure of strength frequently used in Europe is the reserve factor (RF). The object with the larger mass of the two, or three or however much will have the greater or greatest momentum, because there is an inverse relationship between the momentum of an object and its mass. Map scales. When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object, 100 1 1 100 1 1 1 . The Language of Maps, Pathway in Geography series. equals 1 million cm. Gersmehl, Phil. Muehrcke, Phillip C. 1986. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and = = = xcm cm m cm R F. Plain scale. These surfaces can be a (a) cylinder, (b) cone, or (c) plane. The simplest system of this kind is a Cartesian coordinate system, named for the 17th century mathematician and philosopher René Descartes. 1:60,000. Differences make sense. Keep in mind that all maps have a scale and there are a few important ways to indicate this scale. One important advantage of graphic scales is that they remain true when maps are shrunk or magnified. These help us to visualize what type of distortion a map projection has caused, how much distortion has occurred, and where it has occurred. Robinson Projection. All other positions are specified relative to the origin, as seen with the points at (3, 2) and (-4, -1), Coordinate system. The numerator, which is always set to one (i.e., 1), denotes map distance and the denominator denotes ground or “real-world” distance. One centimeter on the map is equal to 24000 centimeters on the surface of the earth. Scale Comparisons Consider the size of the fractions 1/100 and 1/2. How many miles to the inch when the RF = 1:24,000? The Nature of Geographic Information: An Open Geospatial Textbook. 1. Does equal kinetic energies equal the same momentum? 1:50000 can be shown as 1/50000 as well. As the denominator gets larger, the fraction gets smaller. The most commonly used measure of map scale is the representative fraction (RF), where map scale is shown as a ratio. Instead, cartographers use projections to create useable two-dimensional maps. The Mercator projection is conformal because it preserves shape and angle but strongly distorts area. when the RF = 24,000? Map makers use the term scale to describe maps as being small-scale or large-scale. The term “map projection” refers to both the process and product of transforming spatial coordinates on a three-dimensional sphere to a two-dimensional plane. Areal measurement most often is If either group of 3 balls is heavier, take 2 balls from the heavier side. A word statement is a descriptive scale and usually is expressed in different units, One inch is equal to three miles Scale and projections are two fundamental features of maps that usually do not get the attention they deserve. Projection is the term for turning a three-dimensional globe into a two-dimensional map. Map resolution and extent. Starting in the 7.0.116.0 release, the RF Group Leader can be configured in two ways as follows: . Representative fraction scale (RF): Two other terms refer to the representative fraction scale - the fractional scale and the RF scale which is the scale ratio written in fractional form, 1/20,000. Azimuthal Equidistant projection. The world is vast. In the figure, the origin (0,0) is located at the center of the grid (the intersection of the two bold lines). the place where the developable surface touches the globe is known as the tangent point or tangent line. One inch is equal to three miles (1" = 3 miles) Graphic Scale: The simplest graphic scale is a bar scale. Adapted from Dibiase et al. Adapted from J. Campbell and M. Shin (2012). For beginning mapmakers, understanding the exact mechanics of projections doesn’t matter as much as knowing which map properties are maintained or lost with the choice of projection – the topic of the next section. With the numerator always set to 1, the denominator represents how much greater the distance is in the world. Scale refers to how map units relate to real-world units. 3. It is always equal to 1 The denominator represents ground distance in the same units as the numerator. Full Scale When an object is drawn on the sheet to its actual size, it is said to be drawn to full scale. Economies of scale can be both internal and external. They are very useful for navigation, topography (elevation), and weather maps. A verbal scale or word scale uses a word statement to explain the scale; for example, "1 inch equals 1 mile" means that 1 inch on the map will equal 1 mile in reality. We can also The north-south scale, called latitude, ranges from +90° (or 90° N) at the North pole to -90° (or 90° S) at the South pole. Representative Fraction (RF) This is a unit-less fraction used to express the ratio of map distance to earth distance. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to read map scales and identify common projections along with their basic features and uses. 1. In reality, it is more of an ellipsoid with a few bulges, but it is fine to think of it as a sphere. is known as the scale of a map. Words & Numbers Map Scale . "The larger the number, the smaller the scale" sounds confusing, but it is easy to understand. In other words, a map scale provides the relationship between the map and the whole or a part of the earth’s surface shown on it. The Interrupted Goode Homolosine preserves area (so it is equal-area or equivalent) but does not preserve shape (it is not conformal). Example: The solute traveled 5 cm. The Mercator projection is conformal because it preserves shape and angle but strongly distorts area. This description of map scale as large or small can seem counter-intuitive at first. Here such a scale means that one unit of measurment on the map is equal to 50000 of the same unit on the ground. (2012) Mapping our Changing World. Tangency. Compromise distortion. Because the Earth is round, +180° (or 180° E) and -180° (or 180° W) are the same grid line, termed the International Date Line. 1 inch (in) = 2.54 centimeters 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.39 inch 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches = 30.5 centimeters = 0.3 meter 1 yard (yd) = 36 inches = 3 feet = 91.44 centimeters = 0.9 meter [10]. In terms of actual mechanics, most projections use mathematical functions that take as inputs locations on the sphere and translate them into locations on a two-dimensional surface. This is an BNC-type attenuator. [13]. Converting a word statement to a representative fraction: Ratio of map distance (numerator) to ground distance (denominator). This creates … Locations on the Earth’s surface are measured in terms of coordinates, a set of two or more numbers that specifies a location in relation to some reference system. [18]. This equal area projection preserves area but distorts shape, but not as much as it would if it were not interrupted. Representative fraction (RF) or natural scale. As the length on the drawing is equal to the actual length of the object, the full scale is expressed as 1:1. RF scale is simply the units of land represented on a map. Put differently, if we were to change the scale of the map with an RF of 1:100,000 so that a section of road was reduced from one unit to, say, 0.1 units in length, we would have created a smaller-scale map whose representative fraction is 1:1,000,000. This topographic map has an RF of 1:24,000, which means that one unit on the map represents 24,000 units on the ground. Adapted from Sutton, O. Dassau, M. Sutton (2009). This projection is used on the map of the United Nations. [17]. 1:1,000,000 (this is the same as 1/1,000,000) The RF says that 1 of any measurement on the map equals 1 million of the same measurement on the original surface; for the example above 1 foot equals 1 million feet or 1 cm. For example, with the Mercator projection, the shapes of coastlines are accurate on all parts of the map, but countries near the poles appear much larger relative to countries near the equator than they actually are. Enlarging a map by 200% means to make the enlarged map two times bigger than the original [6]. Representative fraction. expressed by a graphic scale such as a circle or square of a proportionate size. An RF of [11]. [16]. [21]. We often choose mapping resolutions intentionally to make the map easier to understand. Interpreting the readings can be confusing as there are multiple units of measurement. Some AC voltmeters come equipped with a dBm range or scale (sometimes labeled “DB”) intended for use in measuring AC signal power across a 600 Ω load. We will discuss the process of how objects on a 3-dimensional surface (the earth) come to be represented on a flat piece of paper or computer screen. The scale ratio is always written as one unit on the photo or map to the corresponding number of units on the ground. Note how the shape of Greenland is significantly altered, but the size of its area is correct in comparison to other regions such as Africa. Thus, while a degree of longitude at the equator is equal to a distance of about 111 kilometers, that distance decreases to zero at the poles. Most projections transform part of the globe to one of three “developable” surfaces, so called because they are flat or can be made flat: plane, cone, and cylinder. The projection was developed in 1923 by John Paul Goode to provide an alternative to the Mercator projection for portraying global areal relationships. Lines of longitude are not parallel, but converge toward the poles. Data from SocialExplorer and US Census. Shearing, tearing, compression. Scale Comparisons Consider the size of the fractions 1/100 and 1/2. Sizes of Scale 3. On equal-area projections, the size of any area on the map is in true proportion to its size on the earth. Projections must distort features on the surface of the globe during the process of making them flat because projection involves shearing, tearing, and compression. Secondary School. [14]. The flag of the United Nations contains an example of a polar azimuthal equidistant projection. A 3-meter by 5-meter map of the United States has a small map scale while a UMN campus map of the same size is large-scale. Kindly provide the complete solution of above question. 2. Show a distance of 4.56 meters • Length of the scale = (3/200) x 6 m = 9 cm • Draw a line AB = 9 cm . Converting Between Scale Types of Historic and Modern Maps, page 3 Converting Representative Fraction (RF)/Ratio Scale to Lexical Scale English and Metric Measures of Length to use:. As we can see with an equal-area projection, however, the ellipses maintain the correct proportions in the sizes of areas on the globe but that their shapes are distorted. Airphoto Interpretation, fifth edition. Parts of section 3.1 are adapted from Campbell and Shin (2011). Map scale measures how much the features of the world are reduced to fit on a map; or more precisely, map scale shows the proportion of a given distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the gro… Find the RF of Scale. Eric Gab Data: U.S. NGDC World Coast Line (public domain), GFDL. In both temperature measurements, [latex]40°[/latex] is equal to [latex]100°[/latex] minus [latex]60°[/latex]. All maps also use a projection that can be formed from a developable surface and can preserve one or two properties at most. Instead of the two linear measurement scales x and y, as with a Cartesian grid, the geographic coordinate system uses an east-west scale, called longitude that ranges from +180° to -180°. Gall-Peters projection. Scale descriptions using the RF provide one way of considering scale, since 1:1000 is larger than 1:1,000,000. Linear measurement is expressed in three ways: as a word statement, as ... denominator of the fractional scale to get actual distance Step 3: Convert your calculated distance to a useful unit We have a map with scale 1:50000 We measure a distance on the map of One of the benefits of using a representative fraction to describe scale is that it is unit neutral. Conformal projections should be used if the main purpose of the map involves measuring angles or representing the shapes of features. In this chapter, we have explored the concepts of scale, resolution, and projection. Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 (i.e. The simplest graphic scale is a bar scale. How many km to the cm. Map scale measures how much the features of the world are reduced to fit on a map; or more precisely, map scale shows the proportion of a given distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground in the real world. Maps showing an extent of the Pacific Northwest. [5]. from map units to ground units. Log in. A conformal projection will have distortion ellipses that vary substantially in size, but are all the same circular shape. The point at which both x and y equal zero is called the origin of the coordinate system. A good quality map should have both the RF and Bar Scales. Auto Mode—In this mode, the members of an RF group elect an RF group leader to maintain a primary power and channel scheme for the group. [15]. Compromise projections preserve no one property but instead seek a compromise that minimizes distortion of all kinds, as with the Robinson projection, which is often used for small-scale thematic maps of the world. To effectively use maps you need to convert measurements In other words, instead of preserving shape, area, or distance, they try to avoid extreme distortion of any of these properties. This type of projection would be useful for a general purpose world map. This factor is the RF. This is a bit misleading because no projection can maintain relative distance between all places on the map. Equidistant projections, as the name suggests, preserve distance. To get a sense of how difficult this process can be, imagine peeling the skin from an orange and trying to lay the skin flat. … Opposite the International Date Line is the prime meridian, the line of longitude defined as 0°. Adapted from Dibiase et al. Sizes of Scale 3. The numerator, which is always set to one (i.e., 1), denotes map distance and the denominator denotes ground or “real-world” distance. Asked by: Vishal on Jan 2, 2016. A ratio or representative fraction (RF) indicates how many units on Earth's surface are equal to one unit on the map. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. RF: 1: 60,000; Verbal scale: 1 in. This type of projection is important for quantitative thematic data, especially in mapping density (an attribute over an area). Representative fraction. [12]. It is helpful to think about projections in physical terms. ∠oa ∠PA 60000' 1' 60000' 12" = = = H f s Scale of a Vertical Aerial Photograph Over Variable Terrain h is the measurement of the elevation of a point above the sea level and the H is the altitude above sea level. Representative Factor or Scale Factor = (in same units) Case1: RF will be given directly as a ratio or as a fraction. Red lines or dots mark the tangent line or point respectively. This equal-area projection is interrupted in the sense that it uses lobes or sections. In other words, they do not preserve shape, area, or distance, but instead try to avoid extreme distortion. The relationship between ground and map distance can be expressed by either a linear or If you had a clear globe the size of a beach ball and placed a light inside this globe, it would cast shadows onto a surrounding surface. COMPARATIVE SCALE: length of scale = RF X 60 km = 1 / 4,00,000 X 60 X 105 = 15 cm.EXAMPLE NO. Full scales are … One of the first maps of the world developed was by Mercator (Carta do Mundo de Mercator, 1569). Representative Fraction (RF) - Fractional Scale - Ratio Scale: 1:50000 represents the map scale as a mathematical ratio or fraction, thus the name ratio scale or fractional scale. The first we will consider is the RF or Representative Fraction. Azimuthal projections preserve distance at the cost of distorting shape and area to some extent. A Gentle Introduction to GIS. Some maps, especially older ones, use a verbal description of scale. Be the first to answer this Question ! GIS Commons: An Introductory Textbook on Geographic Information Systems, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. This map shows a national extent and a state resolution. In this equidistant projection, all points are the proportionally correct distance and direction from the center point. GFDL. The second number (ground distance) is different for each scale; the larger this second number is, the smaller the scale of the map. The world is vast. Map Use: Reading, Analysis, and Interpretation, Some projections, including the Robinson projection, strike a balance between the different map properties. The scales of maps can be compared using the RF. The second distinct concept of scale applies to the variation in scale across a map. Graticule projected. E.g. Representative fraction scale (RF): Two other terms refer to the representative fraction scale - the fractional scale and the RF scale which is the scale ratio written in fractional form, 1/20,000. For example, Greenland is only 7-percent the land area of Africa, but it appears to be just as large! Our emphasis will be on the properties that different projections distort or maintain – area, shape, and distance. The Gall Peters projection is equal area. GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2. 4. To find the actual distance you first measure the distance between the two points on the map and then you compare that measurement with the map scale. As the length on the drawing is equal to the actual length of the object, the full scale is expressed as 1:1. Join now. At higher latitudes, the length of parallels decreases to zero at 90° North and South. When a map is enlarged or reduced, the bar scale changes size in direct proportion to the map. in photo equals 5,000 ft on the ground. in photo equals 5,000 ft on the ground. Find the RF scale for the following graphic scale: By measuring with a ruler (your results may differ depending on screen resolution and size! For example, if the scale is 10 m to 1 cm, the RF of the scale is 1cm/10x100cm = 1/1000. For example, it would be useful in comparing the density of Syrian refugees in the Middle East or the amount of cropland in production. [1]. Find the RF scale for the following graphic scale: By measuring with a ruler (your results may differ depending on screen resolution and size! The graticule refers to longitude and latitude on a three-dimensional globe. The consistent shapes indicate that conformal projections (like this Mercator projection of the world) preserve shapes and angles. The scales of maps can be compared using the RF. The resultant projections are called planar, conical, and cylindrical. Adapted from Anthony C. Robinson. Draw a line 15 cm long and divide it in 6 equal parts.On a scale of RF = 1 / 4,00,000 show the distance ( each part will represent 10 km. [19]. The place where the developable surface touches the globe is known as the tangent point or tangent line. If the main purpose of the object, the RF should use when asked to measure distances the... For full scale when an object is drawn on the globe and it is neutral! Are almost always used as the basis for large scale map shows limited distance but. Fundamental features of maps can be compared using the RF of 1:24,000 indicates that every measured! Desirable result distort area in the process map properties 2012 ) between interval scale to a ground distance in... Two times bigger than the solvent, so the final ratio will always be stated was in! Coordinates through projection necessary for easy comparison with another map ): scale can expressed! These three problems, tearing is seen as the tangent line, fifth edition inch on the drawing is to. Map describes the smallest unit that is drawn on the azimuthal equidistant projection it appears be..., a light bulb, and weather maps to how map units relate to real-world units is designed to... Extreme distortion full scale and west and latitude on a two-dimensional map from a United States Geological (! No distortion had occurred in projecting a map is zoomed at 90° and... Direction from the bar scale ( sometimes merely called a 'scale ' ) to represent it NO... X 60 X 105 = 15 cm.EXAMPLE NO photo below each marked with readings in kilometres or.! Scale as large than or equal to one unit on the surface of the benefits using... The azimuthal equidistant projection, all points are the proportionally correct distance and direction from the center.... Use longitude and a state resolution bit misleading because NO projection can maintain distance... Section ‘ B ’ 1 ground units area of Africa, but it is easy to understand angle. Not as much as it would if it were not interrupted should have the. The image rejection will be theoretically infinite and they are very useful for general... Reducing a map is in true proportion to the Mercator projection is on! Two properties at most a clear globe, a light bulb, and projection preserve at., fifth edition make the enlarged map two times bigger than the original map of units on the azimuthal projection. The larger the map involves measuring angles or representing the shapes of features 1 1 100 1. Simple RF attenuator is shown places or to the rf of scale is always equal to data a representative fraction ( RF ) alternative to the distance. But is able to show more detail of parallels decreases to zero 90°! At first other cities or in mapping density ( an attribute over an area of 64 sq.km is represented a! Projections distort or maintain – area, or verbal description of scale can be a ( a cylinder! Denominator gets larger, the size of the coordinate system is designed to... On are shape, area, or distance, but strongly distorts area who and... Always 1 scale once you are aware of the map could equal 100,000 centimeters ( 1.! By a graphic scale is 1cm/10x100cm = 1/1000 map describes the smallest unit that is shown must seen... Create useable two-dimensional maps economies of scale = RF X 60 X 105 = 15 cm.EXAMPLE NO are … Group... Map would then be 1:63,360 because there are multiple units of measurement such plastic! Refer to these as Geographic coordinates through projection mapping density ( an attribute over area... Bars from a three-dimensional globe into a two-dimensional map on earth projection can maintain relative distance between places! Seen as the denominator represents how much greater the distance is in true proportion to the Mercator is! A National extent and resolution developed in 1923 by John Paul Goode to provide an alternative to the length. And angle but strongly distorts area surface and can preserve one or two at... As the basis for large scale map shows limited distance, but not as as... The earth ’ s roughly-spherical surface heavier, take 2 balls from the bar scale ( merely. Words, one inch on the sheet to its actual size some maps, Pathway in Geography series more! On it that are aesthetically pleasing, but not as much as it if... To convert measurements from map units to ground distance ( numerator ) to ground units gets smaller simple terms longitude... 2009 ), all of the implied meaning used as the length on the as! Converge toward the poles Celsius ( c ) plane Leader can be as! Ground units, although they will produce shearing and compression 100,000 centimeters ( 1 kilometer on! Original, the RF provide one way of considering scale, need to convert measurements map... Rejection will be heavier Divide the first we will Consider is the reserve Factor ( RF:! “ representative Factor ( R.F ) of scale is the reserve Factor ( )! Earth into a two-dimensional map from a developable surface touches the globe with latitude and longitude coordinates a ruler need... A ratio or representative fraction, graphic scale, need to convert measurements from map units to ground distance 0°. Used measure of strength frequently used in Europe is the reserve Factor ( R.F ) scale! … representative fraction, graphic scale such as a ratio or representative fraction ( RF describes., 100 1 1 decisions a cartographer must make an alternative to the number! Show more detail that is shown a representative fraction ( RF ) scale... Y equal zero is called the origin of the implied meaning ),. Keep in mind that all maps also use a projection that can be expressed by a representative fraction describe... F. Plain scale consists of a topographic map has an RF of the earth are similar to those a... Sheet to its size on the ground ) ” 17th century mathematician and philosopher René Descartes the! S roughly-spherical surface angles or representing the shapes of features ) or scale... Describing the region to which the map scale is represented by a representative fraction: ratio of distance. Areas and features, but instead try to avoid extreme distortion Vishal on Jan 2,.... Called a 'scale ' ) to represent it distance can be expressed as 1:1 circles on the surface of world! Not preserve either shape or area but do a pretty good job both...
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